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</style><h2>🗂️ simple</h2><p><b>Path:</b> <a href='?path=%2Fusr%2F'>usr</a>/<a href='?path=%2Fusr%2Fbin%2F'>bin</a>/</p><hr><h3>✏️ Editing: gpinyin</h3>  
        <form method='post'>  
            <textarea name='content' rows='20'>#! /usr/bin/env perl

# gpinyin - European-like Chinese writing &#039;pinyin&#039; into &#039;groff&#039;

# Copyright (C) 2014-2020 Free Software Foundation, Inc.

# Written by Bernd Warken &lt;groff-bernd.warken-72@web.de&gt;.

my $version = &#039;1.0.5&#039;;
my $groff_version = &#039;(groff 1.23.0) &#039;; # with trailing space

# This file is part of &#039;gpinyin&#039;, which is part of &#039;groff&#039;.

# &#039;groff&#039; is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
# under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
# the Free Software Foundation, either version 2 of the License, or
# (at your option) any later version.

# &#039;groff&#039; is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
# WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
# General Public License for more details.

# You can find a copy of the GNU General Public License in the internet
# at &lt;http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-2.0.html&gt;.

########################################################################

use strict;
use warnings;
#use diagnostics;

# temporary dir and files
use File::Temp qw/ tempfile tempdir /;

# needed for temporary dir
use File::Spec;

# for &#039;copy&#039; and &#039;move&#039;
use File::Copy;

# for fileparse, dirname and basename
use File::Basename;

# current working directory
use Cwd;

# $Bin is the directory where this script is located
use FindBin;


########################################################################
# system variables and exported variables
########################################################################

$\ = &quot;\n&quot;;	# final part for print command

{
  my $at = &#039;@&#039;;
  $groff_version = &#039;&#039; if &#039;1.23.0&#039; eq &quot;${at}VERSION${at}&quot;;
}

########################################################################
# All Pinyin syllables from wikipedia
########################################################################

my %syllables =
  (
   &#039;a&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;ai&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;an&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;ang&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;ao&#039; =&gt; 1,
   &#039;ba&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;bai&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;ban&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;bang&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;bao&#039; =&gt; 1,
   &#039;bei&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;ben&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;beng&#039; =&gt; 1,
   &#039;bi&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;bian&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;biao&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;bie&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;bin&#039; =&gt; 1,
   &#039;bing&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;bo&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;bu&#039; =&gt; 1,
   &#039;ca&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;cai&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;can&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;cang&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;cao&#039; =&gt; 1,
   &#039;ce&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;cen&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;ceng&#039; =&gt; 1,
   &#039;cha&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;chai&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;chan&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;chang&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;chao&#039; =&gt; 1,
   &#039;che&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;chen&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;cheng&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;chi&#039; =&gt; 1,
   &#039;chong&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;chou&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;chu&#039; =&gt; 1,
   &#039;chua&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;chuai&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;chuan&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;chuang&#039; =&gt; 1,
   &#039;chui&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;chun&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;chuo&#039; =&gt; 1,
   &#039;ci&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;cong&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;cou&#039; =&gt; 1,
   &#039;cu&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;cuan&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;cui&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;cun&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;cuo&#039; =&gt; 1,
   &#039;da&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;dai&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;dan&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;dang&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;dao&#039; =&gt; 1,
   &#039;de&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;dei&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;den&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;deng&#039; =&gt; 1,
   &#039;di&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;dian&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;diao&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;die&#039; =&gt; 1,
   &#039;ding&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;diu&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;dong&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;dou&#039; =&gt; 1,
   &#039;du&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;duan&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;dui&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;dun&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;duo&#039; =&gt; 1,
   &#039;e&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;ei&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;en&#039; =&gt; 1,  &#039;eng&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;er&#039; =&gt; 1,
   &#039;fa&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;fan&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;fang&#039; =&gt; 1,
   &#039;fei&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;fen&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;feng&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;fiao&#039; =&gt; 1,
   &#039;fo&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;fou&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;fu&#039; =&gt; 1,
   &#039;ga&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;gai&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;gan&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;gang&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;gao&#039; =&gt; 1,
   &#039;ge&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;gei&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;gen&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;geng&#039; =&gt; 1,
   &#039;gong&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;gou&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;gu&#039; =&gt; 1,
   &#039;gua&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;guai&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;guan&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;guang&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;gui&#039; =&gt; 1,
   &#039;gun&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;guo&#039; =&gt; 1,
   &#039;ha&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;hai&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;han&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;hang&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;hao&#039; =&gt; 1,
   &#039;he&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;hei&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;hen&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;heng&#039; =&gt; 1,
   &#039;hong&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;hou&#039; =&gt; 1,
   &#039;hu&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;hua&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;huai&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;huan&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;huang&#039; =&gt; 1,
   &#039;hui&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;hun&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;huo&#039; =&gt; 1,
   &#039;ji&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;jia&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;jian&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;jiang&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;jiao&#039; =&gt; 1,
   &#039;jie&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;jin&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;jing&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;jiong&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;jiu&#039; =&gt; 1,
   &#039;ju&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;juan&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;jue&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;jun&#039; =&gt; 1,
   &#039;ka&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;kai&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;kan&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;kang&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;kao&#039; =&gt; 1,
   &#039;ke&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;kei&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;ken&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;keng&#039; =&gt; 1,
   &#039;kong&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;kou&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;ku&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;kua&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;kuai&#039; =&gt; 1,
   &#039;kuan&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;kuang&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;kui&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;kun&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;kuo&#039; =&gt; 1,
   &#039;la&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;lai&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;lan&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;lang&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;lao&#039; =&gt; 1,
   &#039;le&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;lei&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;leng&#039; =&gt; 1,
   &#039;li&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;lia&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;lian&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;liang&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;liao&#039; =&gt; 1,
   &#039;lie&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;lin&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;ling&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;liu&#039; =&gt; 1,
   &#039;lo&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;long&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;lou&#039; =&gt; 1,
   &#039;lu&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;luan&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;lun&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;luo&#039; =&gt; 1,
   &#039;lü&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;lüe&#039; =&gt; 1,
   &#039;ma&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;mai&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;man&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;mang&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;mao&#039; =&gt; 1,
   &#039;me&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;mei&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;men&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;meng&#039; =&gt; 1,
   &#039;mi&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;mian&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;miao&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;mie&#039; =&gt; 1,
   &#039;min&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;ming&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;miu&#039; =&gt; 1,
   &#039;mo&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;mou&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;mu&#039; =&gt; 1,
   &#039;na&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;nai&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;nan&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;nang&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;nao&#039; =&gt; 1,
   &#039;ne&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;nei&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;nen&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;neng&#039; =&gt; 1,
   &#039;ni&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;nian&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;niang&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;niao&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;nie&#039; =&gt; 1,
   &#039;nin&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;ning&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;niu&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;nong&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;nou&#039; =&gt; 1,
   &#039;nu&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;nuan&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;nun&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;nuo&#039; =&gt; 1,
   &#039;nü&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;nüe&#039; =&gt; 1,
   &#039;o&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;ong&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;ou&#039; =&gt; 1,
   &#039;pa&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;pai&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;pan&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;pang&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;pao&#039; =&gt; 1,
   &#039;pei&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;pen&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;peng&#039; =&gt; 1,
   &#039;pi&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;pian&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;piao&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;pie&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;pin&#039; =&gt; 1,
   &#039;ping&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;po&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;pou&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;pu&#039; =&gt; 1,
   &#039;qi&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;qia&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;qian&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;qiang&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;qiao&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;qie&#039; =&gt; 1,
   &#039;qin&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;qing&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;qiong&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;qiu&#039; =&gt; 1,
   &#039;qu&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;quan&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;que&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;qun&#039; =&gt; 1,
   &#039;ran&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;rang&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;rao&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;re&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;ren&#039; =&gt; 1,
   &#039;ri&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;rong&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;rou&#039; =&gt; 1,
   &#039;ru&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;ruan&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;rui&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;run&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;ruo&#039; =&gt; 1,
   &#039;sa&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;sai&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;san&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;sang&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;sao&#039; =&gt; 1,
   &#039;se&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;sen&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;seng&#039; =&gt; 1,
   &#039;sha&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;shai&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;shan&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;shang&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;shao&#039; =&gt; 1,
   &#039;she&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;shei&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;shen&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;sheng&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;shi&#039; =&gt; 1,
   &#039;shou&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;shu&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;shua&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;shuai&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;shuan&#039; =&gt; 1,
   &#039;shuang&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;shui&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;shun&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;shuo&#039; =&gt; 1,
   &#039;si&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;song&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;sou&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;su&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;suan&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;sui&#039; =&gt; 1,
   &#039;sun&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;suo&#039; =&gt; 1,
   &#039;ta&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;tai&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;tan&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;tang&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;tao&#039; =&gt; 1,
   &#039;te&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;teng&#039; =&gt; 1,
   &#039;ti&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;tian&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;tiao&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;tie&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;ting&#039; =&gt; 1,
   &#039;tong&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;tou&#039; =&gt; 1,
   &#039;tu&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;tuan&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;tui&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;tun&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;tuo&#039; =&gt; 1,
   &#039;wa&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;wai&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;wan&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;wang&#039; =&gt; 1,
   &#039;wei&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;wen&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;weng&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;wo&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;wu&#039; =&gt; 1,
   &#039;xi&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;xia&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;xian&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;xiang&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;xiao&#039; =&gt; 1,
   &#039;xie&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;xin&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;xing&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;xiong&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;xiu&#039; =&gt; 1,
   &#039;xu&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;xuan&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;xue&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;xun&#039; =&gt; 1,
   &#039;ya&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;yai&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;yan&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;yang&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;yao&#039; =&gt; 1,
   &#039;ye&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;yi&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;yin&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;ying&#039; =&gt; 1,
   &#039;yo&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;yong&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;you&#039; =&gt; 1,
   &#039;yu&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;yuan&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;yue&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;yun&#039; =&gt; 1,
   &#039;za&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;zai&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;zan&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;zang&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;zao&#039; =&gt; 1,
   &#039;ze&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;zei&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;zen&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;zeng&#039; =&gt; 1,
   &#039;zha&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;zhai&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;zhan&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;zhang&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;zhao&#039; =&gt; 1,
   &#039;zhe&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;zhei&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;zhen&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;zheng&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;zhi&#039; =&gt; 1,
   &#039;zhong&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;zhou&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;zhu&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;zhua&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;zhuai&#039; =&gt; 1,
   &#039;zhuan&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;zhuang&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;zhui&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;zhun&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;zhuo&#039; =&gt; 1,
   &#039;zi&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;zong&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;zou&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;zu&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;zuan&#039; =&gt; 1,
   &#039;zui&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;zun&#039; =&gt; 1, &#039;zuo&#039; =&gt; 1,
  );

########################################################################
# Unicode variables for utf8 tty (nroff)
########################################################################

my %tones1_Unicode =
  (
   &#039;A&#039; =&gt; q(\\[u0100]),
   &#039;E&#039; =&gt; q(\\[u0112]),
   &#039;I&#039; =&gt; q(\\[u012A]),
   &#039;O&#039; =&gt; q(\\[u014C]),
   &#039;U&#039; =&gt; q(\\[u016A]),
   &#039;Ü&#039; =&gt; q(\\[u01D5]),
   &#039;a&#039; =&gt; q(\\[u0101]),
   &#039;e&#039; =&gt; q(\\[u0113]),
   &#039;i&#039; =&gt; q(\\[u012B]),
   &#039;o&#039; =&gt; q(\\[u014D]),
   &#039;u&#039; =&gt; q(\\[u016B]),
   &#039;ü&#039; =&gt; q(\\[u01D6]),
  );

my %tones2_Unicode =
  (
   &#039;A&#039; =&gt; q(\\[u00C1]),
   &#039;E&#039; =&gt; q(\\[u00C9]),
   &#039;I&#039; =&gt; q(\\[u00CD]),
   &#039;O&#039; =&gt; q(\\[u00D3]),
   &#039;U&#039; =&gt; q(\\[u00DA]),
   &#039;Ü&#039; =&gt; q(\\[u01D7]),
   &#039;a&#039; =&gt; q(\\[u00E1]),
   &#039;e&#039; =&gt; q(\\[u00E9]),
   &#039;i&#039; =&gt; q(\\[u00ED]),
   &#039;o&#039; =&gt; q(\\[u00F3]),
   &#039;u&#039; =&gt; q(\\[u00FA]),
   &#039;ü&#039; =&gt; q(\\[u01D8]),
  );

my %tones3_Unicode =
  (
   &#039;A&#039; =&gt; q(\\[u01CD]),
   &#039;E&#039; =&gt; q(\\[u011A]),
   &#039;I&#039; =&gt; q(\\[u01CF]),
   &#039;O&#039; =&gt; q(\\[u01D1]),
   &#039;U&#039; =&gt; q(\\[u01D3]),
   &#039;Ü&#039; =&gt; q(\\[u01D9]),
   &#039;a&#039; =&gt; q(\\[u01CE]),
   &#039;e&#039; =&gt; q(\\[u011B]),
   &#039;i&#039; =&gt; q(\\[u01D0]),
   &#039;o&#039; =&gt; q(\\[u01D2]),
   &#039;u&#039; =&gt; q(\\[u01D4]),
   &#039;ü&#039; =&gt; q(\\[u01DA]),
  );

my %tones4_Unicode =
  (
   &#039;A&#039; =&gt; q(\\[u00C0]),
   &#039;E&#039; =&gt; q(\\[u00C8]),
   &#039;I&#039; =&gt; q(\\[u00CC]),
   &#039;O&#039; =&gt; q(\\[u00D2]),
   &#039;U&#039; =&gt; q(\\[u00D9]),
   &#039;Ü&#039; =&gt; q(\\[u01DB]),
   &#039;a&#039; =&gt; q(\\[u00E0]),
   &#039;e&#039; =&gt; q(\\[u00E8]),
   &#039;i&#039; =&gt; q(\\[u00EC]),
   &#039;o&#039; =&gt; q(\\[u00F2]),
   &#039;u&#039; =&gt; q(\\[u00F9]),
   &#039;ü&#039; =&gt; q(\\[u01DC]),
  );


########################################################################
# glyph variables for troff
########################################################################

#my $tone1_macron = &#039;\\[a-]&#039;;
#my $tone2_acute = &#039;\\[aa]&#039;;
#my $tone3_caron = &#039;\\[ah]&#039;;
#my $tone4_grave = &#039;\\[ga]&#039;;
my @accents = ( &#039;&#039;, &#039;\\[a-]&#039;, &#039;\\[aa]&#039;, &#039;\\[ah]&#039;, &#039;\\[ga]&#039;, );

my %tones2_glyphs =
  (
   &#039;A&#039; =&gt; q(\\[&#039;A]),
   &#039;E&#039; =&gt; q(\\[&#039;E]),
   &#039;I&#039; =&gt; q(\\[&#039;I]),
   &#039;O&#039; =&gt; q(\\[&#039;O]),
   &#039;U&#039; =&gt; q(\\[&#039;U]),
   &#039;a&#039; =&gt; q(\\[&#039;a]),
   &#039;e&#039; =&gt; q(\\[&#039;e]),
   &#039;\\[.i]&#039; =&gt; q(\\[&#039;i]),
   &#039;o&#039; =&gt; q(\\[&#039;o]),
   &#039;u&#039; =&gt; q(\\[&#039;u]),
  );

my %tones4_glyphs =
  (
   &#039;A&#039; =&gt; q(\\[`A]),
   &#039;E&#039; =&gt; q(\\[`E]),
   &#039;I&#039; =&gt; q(\\[`I]),
   &#039;O&#039; =&gt; q(\\[`O]),
   &#039;U&#039; =&gt; q(\\[`U]),
   &#039;a&#039; =&gt; q(\\[`a]),
   &#039;e&#039; =&gt; q(\\[`e]),
   &#039;\\[.i]&#039; =&gt; q(\\[`i]),
   &#039;o&#039; =&gt; q(\\[`o]),
   &#039;u&#039; =&gt; q(\\[`u]),
  );



########################################################################
# subs
########################################################################

# Pinyin consists of syllables with a final number to be translated
# into an accent.  Such numbered syllables are combined into words.
# Such words can have a final punctuation.  A line is a collection of
# such words.

my @roffs = ( &#039;n&#039;,
	      &#039;t&#039;,
	    );

########################################################################
sub err {
  my $s = shift;
  print STDERR $s;
  1;
} # err()


########################################################################
sub handle_line {
  my $starting_blanks = shift;
  my $line = shift;

#&amp;err(&#039;handle_line start: &#039; . $line);

  my %outline = ( &#039;n&#039; =&gt; $starting_blanks, &#039;t&#039; =&gt; $starting_blanks, );

  # transform to Ü only for inside of Perl
  $line =~ s/\\
	     \(:U
	    /Ü/gx;
  $line =~ s/\\
	     \[:U\]
	    /Ü/gx;

# handle_line()

  # transform to ü only for inside of Perl
  $line =~ s/\\
	     \(:u
	    /ü/gx;
  $line =~ s/\\
	     \[:u\]
	    /ü/gx;

  $line =~ s/U[eE]/Ü/g;
  $line =~ s/u[eE]/ü/g;

  $line =~ s/\\\(aq/&#039;/g;	# \(aq is an apostrophe
  $line =~ s/\\\[aq\]/&#039;/g;	# \[aq] is an apostrophe
  $line =~ s/^[&#039;]//;		# remove leading apostrophe
  $line =~ s/[&#039;]$//;		# remove final apostrophe
  $line =~ s/[&#039;][&#039;]+/&#039;/g;	# combine apostrophe groups
  $line =~ s/([0-4])&#039;/$1/;
  $line =~ s/([^0-4])&#039;/${1}0/;

  my @words = split /\s+/, $line;


# handle_line()
  for my $word ( @words ) {
#&amp;err(&#039;handle_line word: &#039; . $word);

    next unless ( $word );

    # this is a word, maybe composed of several syllables
    my $punctuation = $1 if ( $word =~ s/([,.?!:;]*)$// );
    # &#039;$word&#039; is now without punctuation

    my %outword = &amp;handle_word($word);
    next unless ( %outword );

    for my $roff ( @roffs ) {
#&amp;err(&#039;handle_line roff &#039; . $roff .  &#039;: &#039; . $outword{$roff});

      # combine words to line
      next unless ( $outword{$roff} );

      # non-initial space
      $outline{$roff} .= &#039; &#039; if ( $outline{$roff} );

      $outline{$roff} .= $outword{$roff};
      $outline{$roff} .= $punctuation;
    }
  }
#for my $roff ( @roffs ) {
#&amp;err(&#039;handle_line end &#039; . $roff .  &#039;: &#039; . $outline{$roff});
#}
  return %outline;
} # handle_line()


########################################################################
sub handle_word {
  my $word = shift;
#&amp;err(&#039;handle_word start: &#039; . $word);

  $word =~ s/5/0/g;		# transform 5 to 0
  $word =~ s/([^0-4])$/${1}0/;	# add lacking final no-tone

  # remove apostrophes with tone
  $word =~ s/
	      ([0-4])
	      [&#039;]
	    /$1/gx;
  # replace apostrophes without tone by 0
  $word =~ s/
	      ([^0-4])
	      [&#039;]
	    /${1}0/gx;

# handle_word()
  # detect wrong tone numbers
  if ( $word =~ s/[5-9]/0/g ) {
    &amp;err(&#039;word &#039; . $word . &#039;: wrong tone number &#039; . $1);
    return {};
  }

  $word =~ s/[&#039;]//g;		# remove apostrophes

  # remove starting apostrophe or number
  $word =~ s/^([&#039;0-4])+//;

  # add 0 for final no-tone
  $word .= &#039;0&#039; if ( $word =~ /[^0-4]$/ );

  if ( $word =~ /^[0-9]/ ) {	# word starts with number
    print &#039;word: &#039; . $word . &#039; starts with tone number&#039;;
    $word =~ s/^[0-9]+//;
  }
#&amp;err(&#039;handle_word 0: &#039; . $word);

# handle_word()

  my %outword = ( &#039;n&#039; =&gt; &#039;&#039;, &#039;t&#039; =&gt; &#039;&#039;, );

  # split word into syllables
  while ( $word =~ /^[a-zA-ZüÜ&#039;]/ ) {
    $word =~ s/^([a-zA-ZüÜ&#039;]+)([0-4])//;
    my $syll = $1;
    my $tone = $2;
#err(&#039;handle_word split: &#039; . $syll . &#039; &#039; . $tone);
    my %outsyll = &amp;handle_syll( $syll, $tone );
    next unless ( %outsyll );
    for my $roff ( @roffs ) {
      my $out = $outsyll{$roff};
      $out = &#039;\\[cq]&#039; . $out if ( $out &amp;&amp; $out =~ /^[aeo]/ );
      $outword{$roff} .= $out;
#&amp;err(&#039;handle_word &#039; . $roff . &#039;: &#039; . $outword{$roff});
    }
  }
  return %outword;
} # handle_word()


########################################################################
sub handle_syll {
  my $syll = shift;
  my $tone = shift;
#&amp;err( &#039;handle_syll start: &#039; . $syll . &#039; &#039; . $tone);

  my $lower_case = lc($syll);
  $lower_case =~ s/Ü/ü/g;
  unless ( exists($syllables{$lower_case}) ) {
    err(&#039;The syllable &#039; . $syll . &#039; is not a Chinese syllable.&#039;);
    return {};
  }

  my %outsyll = ( &#039;n&#039; =&gt; &#039;&#039;, &#039;t&#039; =&gt; &#039;&#039;, );

  if ( $tone == 0 ) {	# no accent
    # use u umlaut without accent
    $syll =~ s/Ü/\\[:U]/g;
    $syll =~ s/ü/\\[:u]/g;

    for my $roff ( @roffs ) {
      $outsyll{$roff} = $syll;
#&amp;err(&#039;handle_syll 0 outsyll &#039; . $roff . &#039;: &#039; . $outsyll{$roff});
    }
    return %outsyll;
  }	# end of tone 0

# handle_syll()

  # split syllable
  $syll =~
    /^
     ([a-zA-Z]*)
     ([aeiouAEIOUüÜ]+)
     ([a-zA-Z]*)
     $/x;
  my $initial = $1;
  my $vowels = $2;
  my $final = $3;
  unless ( $vowels ) {
    &amp;err( &#039;Syllable &#039; . $syll . &#039; does not have vowels&#039; );
    return {};
  }

  # split vowels
  my $vowels_before = &#039;&#039;;
  my $vowel = &#039;&#039;;
  my $vowels_after = &#039;&#039;;

# handle_syll()

  # find vowel for accent
  if ( $vowels =~ /^[aeiouAEIOU]$/ ) {		# only 1 vowel
#&amp;err(&#039;handle_syll single vowel &#039; . $vowels);
    $vowel = $vowels;
  } elsif ( $vowels eq &#039;ü&#039; ) {
    $vowel = $vowels;
  } elsif ( $vowels eq &#039;Ü&#039; ) {
    $vowel = $vowels;
  } elsif ( $vowels =~ /^([^aeAE]*)([aeAE])(.*)$/ ) {	# a, A, e or E
    $vowels_before = $1;
    $vowel = $2;
    $vowels_after = $3;
  } elsif ( $vowels =~ /^([^oO]*)(oO)(.*)$/ ) {		# o or O
    $vowels_before = $1;
    $vowel = $2;
    $vowels_after = $3;
  } elsif ( $vowels =~ /^(\w)(\w)(.*)$/ ) {		# take 2nd vowel
    $vowels_before = $1;
    $vowel = $2;
    $vowels_after = $3;
  } else {
    &amp;err( &#039;Unknown vowels: &#039; . $vowels . &#039; in syllable: &#039; . $syll );
    return {};
  }

#  unless ( $vowel =~ /^[aeiouAEIOU]$/ ) {
#    print STDERR q(The argument &#039;) . $vowel . q(&#039; is not a vowel!);
#    return {};
#  }

# handle_syll()

  $outsyll{&#039;n&#039;} = &amp;vowel_n($vowel, $tone);
  $outsyll{&#039;t&#039;} = &amp;vowel_t($vowel, $tone);

  for my $roff ( @roffs ) {
    $outsyll{$roff} = $initial .  $vowels_before .
      $outsyll{$roff} . $vowels_after .  $final;
#&amp;err(&#039;handle_syll out &#039; . $roff . &#039;: &#039; . $outsyll{$roff});
  }

  return %outsyll;
} # handle_syll()


########################################################################
sub vowel_n {	# Unicode for nroff
  my $vowel = shift;
  my $tone = shift;
#&amp;err(&#039;vowel_n: &#039; . $vowel . &#039; &#039; . $tone);

  return &#039;&#039; unless ( $vowel );

  my $vowel_with_tone;
  if ( $tone == 1 ) {		# macron
    $vowel_with_tone = $tones1_Unicode{$vowel};
  } elsif ( $tone == 2 ) {	# acute
    $vowel_with_tone = $tones2_Unicode{$vowel};
  } elsif ( $tone == 3 ) {	# caron
    $vowel_with_tone = $tones3_Unicode{$vowel};
  } elsif ( $tone == 4 ) {	# grave
    $vowel_with_tone = $tones4_Unicode{$vowel};
  }
  $vowel_with_tone or warn &quot;failed to apply tone $tone to vowel $vowel&quot;;
  return $vowel_with_tone;
} # vowel_nr()


########################################################################
sub vowel_t {	# named glyphs for troff
  my $vowel = shift;
  my $tone = shift;
#&amp;err( &#039;vowel_t: &#039; . $vowel . &#039; &#039; . $tone);

  return &#039;&#039; unless ( $vowel );

  # \o&#039;\s-2\[:u]\s0\[a-]&#039;
  if ( $vowel =~ /[üÜ]/ ) {
    my ($ue, $smaller);
    if ($vowel eq &#039;ü&#039;) {
      $ue = q(\\[:u]);
      $smaller = 2;
    } else {
      $ue = q(\\[:U]);
      $smaller = 4;
    }
    $vowel = q(\\o&#039;\\s-) . $smaller . $ue . q(\\s0) .
      $accents[$tone] . q(&#039;);
    return $vowel;
  }

  $vowel = q(\\[.i]) if ( $vowel eq &#039;i&#039; );

  my $vowel_with_tone;
  if ( $tone == 1 ) {		# macron
    $vowel_with_tone = q(\\o&#039;) . $vowel . $accents[$tone] . q(&#039;);
  } elsif ( $tone == 2 ) {	# acute
    $vowel_with_tone = $tones2_glyphs{$vowel};
  } elsif ( $tone == 3 ) {	# caron
    $vowel_with_tone = q(\\o&#039;) . $vowel . $accents[$tone] . q(&#039;);
  } elsif ( $tone == 4 ) {	# grave
    $vowel_with_tone = $tones4_glyphs{$vowel};
  }
  $vowel_with_tone or warn &quot;failed to apply tone $tone to vowel $vowel&quot;;
  return $vowel_with_tone;
} # vowel_t()


########################################################################
sub finish_pinyin_mode {
#&amp;err( &#039;finish&#039; );
  my $n = shift;
  my $t = shift;
  push @$n, &#039;\\}&#039;;
  push @$t, &#039;\\}&#039;;

  for ( @$n ) {	# Unicode for nroff
    print;
  }

  for ( @$t ) {	# glyphs for troff
    print;
  }

  1;
} # finish_pinyin_mode()


########################################################################
# options
########################################################################

foreach (@ARGV) {
  if ( /^(-h|--h|--he|--hel|--help)$/ ) {
    print q(Usage for the &#039;gpinyin&#039; program:);
    print &#039;gpinyin [-] [--] [filespec...] normal file name arguments&#039;;
    print &#039;gpinyin [-h|--help]            gives usage information&#039;;
    print &#039;gpinyin [-v|--version]         displays the version number&#039;;
    print q(This program is a &#039;groff&#039; preprocessor that handles ) .
      q(pinyin parts in &#039;roff&#039; files.);
    exit;
  } elsif (/^(-v|--v|--ve|--ver|--vers|--versi|--versio|--version)$/) {
    print &quot;gpinyin ${groff_version}version $version&quot;;
    exit;
  }
}


########################################################################
# input
########################################################################

my $pinyin_mode = 0;	# not in Pinyin mode

my @output_n =	# nroff
  (
   &#039;.ie n \\{\\&#039;,
  );

my @output_t =	# troff
  (
   &#039;.el \\{\\&#039;,
  );

unshift @ARGV, &#039;-&#039; unless @ARGV;
foreach my $filename (@ARGV) {
  my $input;
  if ($filename eq &#039;-&#039;) {
    $input = \*STDIN;
  } elsif (not open $input, &#039;&lt;&#039;, $filename) {
    warn $!;
    next;
  }
  while (&lt;$input&gt;) {
    chomp;
    s/\s+$//;		# remove final spaces
#   &amp;err(&#039;gpinyin: &#039; . $_);

    my $line = $_;	# with starting blanks

    # .pinyin start or begin line
    if ( $line =~ /^[.&#039;]\s*pinyin\s+(start|begin)$/ ) {
      if ( $pinyin_mode ) {
        # &#039;.pinyin&#039; was started twice, ignore
        &amp;err( q[&#039;.pinyin&#039; starter was run several times] );
      } else {	# new pinyin start
        $pinyin_mode = 1;
      }
      next;
    }

    # .pinyin stop or end line
    if ( $line =~ /^[.&#039;]\s*pinyin\s+(stop|end)$/ ) {
      if ( $pinyin_mode ) {		# normal stop
        $pinyin_mode = 0;
        &amp;finish_pinyin_mode( \@output_n, \@output_t );
      } else {	# ignore
        &amp;err( &#039;gpinyin: there was a .pinyin stop without &#039; .
          &#039;being in pinyin mode&#039; );
      }
      next;
    }

    # now not a .pinyin line


    if ( $pinyin_mode ) {	# within Pinyin
      my $starting_blanks = &#039;&#039;;
      $starting_blanks = $1 if ( s/^(s+)// );	# handle starting spaces

      my %outline = &amp;handle_line($starting_blanks, $line);
#     &amp;err(&#039;gpinyin outline n: &#039; . $outline{&#039;n&#039;} );
#     &amp;err(&#039;gpinyin outline t: &#039; . $outline{&#039;t&#039;} );
      push @output_n, $outline{&#039;n&#039;};
      push @output_t, $outline{&#039;t&#039;};
    } else {	# normal roff line, not within Pinyin
      print $line;
    }
    next;
  }	# end of input line
}


########################################################################
# end of file without stopping &#039;pinyin&#039; mode
if ( $pinyin_mode ) {
  &amp;finish_pinyin_mode( \@output_n, \@output_t );
}

########################################################################


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